In chess, Scholar's Mate is the checkmate achieved by the following moves, or similar:
- 1. e4 e5
- 2. Bc4 Nc6
- 3. Qh5 Nf6??
- 4. Qxf7#
The same mating pattern may be reached by various move orders. For example, White might play 2.Qh5, or Black might play 2...Bc5. In all variations, the basic idea is the same: the queen and bishop combine in a simple mating attack on f7 (or f2 if Black is performing the mate).
Scholar's Mate is sometimes referred to as the "Four-Move Checkmate", although there are other ways to checkmate in four moves.
Avoiding Scholar's Mate
Unlike Fool's Mate, which rarely occurs at any level, games ending in Scholar's Mate are quite common among beginners. However, it is not difficult to parry.
On move 1
After 1.e4, Black can play a semi-open defense instead of 1...e5. Openings such as the French Defense (1...e6) or the Scandinavian Defense (1...d5) render Scholar's Mate unviable, while other openings such as the Sicilian Defense (1...c5) makes 2.Bc4 a bad move (1.e4 c5 2.Bc4? e6, intending ...d5, gaining time by hitting the c4-bishop and attaining easy equality).
On move 2
The most common response to the Bishop's Opening is 2...Nf6 (see Bishop's Opening, Berlin Defense), which also renders Scholar's Mate unviable.
On move 3
The cleanest way to defend against the mate threat is 3... g6. Should White renew the Qxf7 threat with 4. Qf3, Black can easily defend by 4... Nf6 (see diagram), and develop the f8-bishop later via fianchetto (...Bg7).
If Black played 2... Bc5 instead of 2...Nc6, then 3...g6?? is a blunder because Black loses the king rook to 4.Qxe5+ followed by 5.Qxh8. The best move is 3... Qe7! (see diagram), which protects both the f7-pawn and e5-pawn, and now Black threatens 4...Nf6, gaining a tempo by attacking White's queen. Play might continue 4. Nf3 (threatening the e5-pawn) 4... Nc6 5. Ng5 Nh6, when White has no way to keep up the pressure and will soon have to pull his exposed pieces back.
Openings
Although a quick mate on f7 is almost never seen in play above beginner level, the basic idea underlying itâ€"that f7 and f2, squares defended only by the kings, are weak and therefore good targets for early attackâ€"is the motivating principle behind a number of chess openings.
- After 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 (the Two Knights Defense), White's most popular continuation is 4.Ng5 attacking f7, which is awkward for Black to defend. The Fried Liver Attack even involves a sacrifice of the knight on f7.
- In the Frankenstein-Dracula variation of the Vienna Game, 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.Bc4 Nxe4, threatening Scholar's Mate with 4.Qh5 is the only way for White to play for an advantage.
- Danvers Opening (1.e4 e5 2.Qh5?!) and the Napoleon Opening (1.e4 e5 2.Qf3?!) are both aimed at threatening Scholar's Mate on the next move (3.Bc4). Although the Napoleon Opening is never seen in high-level competition, Danvers Opening has occasionally been tried in tournaments by Grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura to achieve a practical middlegame for White.
Name in other languages
- In some languages, including Dutch, Esperanto, French, German, Latvian, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish: Shepherd's Mate
- In Italian: Barber's Mate
- In Persian, Greek and Arabic: Napoleon's Plan
- In Belorussian, Latvian, Russian and Ukrainian : Children's Mate
- In Croatian, Danish, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Polish (where Fool's Mate is known as Scholar's Mate), Slovakian and Slovenian: Shoemaker's Mate
- In Danish, Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian: School Mate
- In Hebrew: Cobblers' Mate
Scholar's Mate has sometimes also been given other names in English, such as Schoolboy's Mate (which in modern English perhaps better connotes the sense of 'novice' intended by the word Scholar's) and Blitzkrieg (German for "lightning war"), meaning a quick and short engagement (Kidder 1960).
See also
- Checkmate patterns
- Fool's Mate
References
Bibliography
- Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1996) [First pub. 1992]. The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBNÂ 0-19-280049-3.Â
- Kidder, Harvey (1960), Illustrated Chess for Children, Doubleday, ISBNÂ 0-385-05764-4Â
- Sunnucks, Anne (1970), "Scholar's Mate", The Encyclopaedia of Chess, St. Martins Press, ISBNÂ 978-0-7091-4697-1Â